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bash set variable in function

Your variable names should be descriptive and remind you of the value they hold. Rather than a specific solution, your script is now a general one. We will learn about what local and global variables are in the coming section. Then, you can see if they changed. These variables can be very useful for allowing us to manage and control the actions of our Bash Script. geschrieben, um STDOUT (Standardausgabe) zu behandeln. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. Das set-Kommando belegt den Inhalt der vordefinierten Variablen neu, so dass es aussieht, als ob dem Skript die Rückgabewerte von getopt übergeben wurden. A variable modified inside a while loop is not remembered. Dave McKay first used computers when punched paper tape was in vogue, and he has been programming ever since. This allows you to use the script to do things like print its name out correctly, even if it’s renamed. How to Magnify Your iPhone Screen Using Display Zoom, How to Make Signal Your Default SMS Messaging App on Android, How to See Which iPhone Apps Are Accessing Your Camera, How to See What Data Google Has on You (and Delete It), © 2021 LifeSavvy Media. There are no data types for a variable. Is $(funcall) creating a new sub shell and executing the function? Some environment variables are syst… Giving a variable a value is often referred to as assigning a value to the variable. How to call one shell script from another shell script? local is a keyword which is used to declare the local variables. So, all the vars in your program are valid outside the function. What does children mean in “Familiarity breeds contempt - and children.“? Apart from that, you can use any mix of upper- and lowercase alphanumeric characters. set. Many commands, such as ls and wc, take command line parameters. They may be declared in two different formats: 1. To see the active environment variables in your Bash session, use this command: If you scroll through the list, you might find some that would be useful to reference in your scripts. Variables are vital if you want to write scripts and understand what that code you’re about to cut and paste from the web will do to your Linux computer. How can I declare and use Boolean variables in a shell script? The second format starts with the function reserved word followed by the function name.function fu… How to use SSH to run a local shell script on a remote machine? This is done so that the environment contains any local or global variables we’ve defined since its last start. After reading 24.2.Local Variables, I thought that declaring a variable var with the keyword local meant that var's value was only accessible within the block of code delimited by the curly braces of a function.. Scheint dumm, sie jedes Mal hinein zu stecken, wenn man nie etwas hineinstecken kann. To run these scripts, you have to type the following to make them executable: And now, type the following to launch script_one.sh: What happens in the second script, stays in the second script. For those of you that haven't, think of a variable as a temporary store for a simple piece of information. In a function, a local variable has meaning only within that function block. #!/bin/bash func () { global_var=37 # Visible only within the function block #+ before the function has been called. Bash sees the space before “Geek” as an indication that a new command is starting. The shell environment can be defined as a storage area which the shell compiles every time a new session for a shell is started. Here, we’ll create five variables. An "associative array" variable (declare -A) is an array of key-value pairs whose values are indexed by a keyword. Let’s modify our script, as shown below, and save it with the new name fcnt2.sh: This time, the folder_to_count variable is assigned the value of the first command line parameter, $1. Unterscheidet es sich von der Verwendung des Schlüsselworts "function"? Join 350,000 subscribers and get a daily digest of news, comics, trivia, reviews, and more. Bash Functions – In this Bash Tutorial, we shall learn about functions in Bash Shell Scripting with the help of syntax and examples.. About Bash Functions. To illustrate the difference, here’s a script that counts the files in the /dev directory. It’s like copies of the variables are sent to the second script, but they’re discarded when that script exits. The second script we’ll use is script_two.sh. $() and `` create new shell and return output as a result. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. Note there isn’t a space before or after the equals sign. echo shows us that the site_name variable holds nothing—not even the “How-To” text. Why do jet engine igniters require huge voltages? Variables provide the flexibility that makes a script a general, rather than a specific, solution. To assign output of any shell command to variable in bash, use the following command substitution syntax: Tutorial details; … To create a variable, you just provide a name and value for it. If the value you assign to a variable includes spaces, they must be in quotation marks when you assign them to the variable. and be overridden with any other value. Bash variables can either have a global or local scope. Here’s how it works: But this only works for the “/dev” directory. All it takes is one small change. Join Stack Overflow to learn, share knowledge, and build your career. In Bash, local variables must be explicitly called, or else they will be treated as global. How can I set a variable to the output of a command in Bash? Local Bash Variables. Read-only variables cannot be reset. Bash Functions. Is it safe to keep uranium ore in my house? BASH variables can be used from terminal or on any BASH file. Why are good absorbers also good emitters? Local and global variables in bash functions. The following are the other special preset variables: You want to see all of them in one script, don’t you? Independence result where probabilistic intuition predicts the wrong answer? Dave is a Linux evangelist and open source advocate. When you use them in commands and expressions, they are treated as if you had typed the value they hold instead of the name of the variable. How to Export Variables . They are particularly useful if you have certain tasks which need to be performed several times. Change the value of a shell option and set the positional parameters, or display the names and values of shell variables. Replace one substring for another string in shell script. So far, you have learned how to use variables to make your bash scripts dynamic and generic, so it is responsive to various data and different user input.. I am trying to write a bash script where I am trying to find if some location has empty files or not and send an email if found. In einem Eingabeaufforderungsfenster die Befehlszeile Ausführen set /A Value=8 % 3 - 2 Value 2 set /A Value=8 % 3 weist den Wert 2 auf Umgebungsvariable Value und zusätzlich gibt 2. Global and Local Bash Variables (2) Ich habe mich immer gefragt, wofür sie verwendet werden? You can reference command line parameters in a script just as you would regular variables. But you have to use ‘$’ symbol before the variable name when you want to read data from the variable. You can! After over 30 years in the IT industry, he is now a full-time technology journalist. It's a small chunk of code which you may call multiple times within your script. You need to use command substitution feature of bash. It reports that there is no such command, and abandons the line. In effect, function arguments in bash are treated as positional parameters ($1, $2..$9, ${10}, ${11}, and so on). Here’s how you make the script executable: Now, try it with a few directories. Local variables are visible only within the block of code. Local Variable: When a bash process is created, if a variable’s presence is only restricted to the process, and not to any child process started by the bash, is termed as a local variable. Bash functions, unlike functions in most programming languages do not allow you to return a value to the caller. Tutorials (current) Questions; Login (current) Register; Bash Functions with Examples. One way to counter this is to pass tes as a parameter, and then return* it using echo. Variables changed inside a sub-shell are not translated to global. In the following example: The declare command is used to create the constant variable called PASSWD_FILE. This allows variables to be referenced correctly, so their values are used when the line is executed in the script. The function die() is defined before all other functions. linux - variable - execute function in bash . How-To Geek is where you turn when you want experts to explain technology. Collectively, these variables hold settings that define the environment you find inside your terminal window, right down to the look of the command prompt. But there are several problems: You are sending the output of curl ... with a pipe |. For instance, a "read-only" variable (declare -r) cannot be unset, and its value and other attributes cannot be modified. It can, however, start with an underscore. Functions in Bash Scripting are a great way to reuse code. This is because, by default, Bash uses a space as a delimiter. What to do? How to check if a variable is set in Bash? (Actually, there’s a $0, as well, but that’s reserved to always hold the script.). During his career, he has worked as a freelance programmer, manager of an international software development team, an IT services project manager, and, most recently, as a Data Protection Officer. Am I really receiving FT8 signals from 12,000km on 144Mhz. Thanks for contributing an answer to Stack Overflow! You can use it on any directory because it’s not hardcoded to work only with “/dev.”. This is the preferred and more used format.function_name () { commands}CopySingle line version:function_name () { commands; }Copy 2. Table of Contents. Functions in Bash (as well as all the other Bourne-family shells) work like commands: that is, they only "return" an exit status, which is an integer from 0 to 255 inclusive. (For more information, see arrays in bash). Try that again with quotation marks around the value, as shown below: This time, it’s recognized as a single value and assigned correctly to the site_name variable. What is a "Major Component Failure" referred to in news reports about the unsuccessful Space Launch System core stage test firing? These variables also ensure that any information to which the terminal window and shell might need to refer is available. Before you hit Enter and execute a line of Bash commands, try it with echo in front of it. If yes, how can address this? Basically bash function is a set of commands. The syntax for declaring a bash function is very simple. You must precede the variable name with a dollar sign $ whenever you reference the value it contains, as shown below: The values of the variables replace their names. An "indexed array" variable (declare -a) is an array of values that are indexed by number, starting at zero. By clicking “Post Your Answer”, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. your coworkers to find and share information. The following command defines a new variable called drink_of_the_Year, and assigns it the combined values of the my_boost and this_year variables: Scripts would be completely hamstrung without variables. In first script tes value is '3' as expected but in second it's 2? The above article may contain affiliate links, which help support How-To Geek. First, save the following with the filename script_one.sh: This creates two variables, first_var and second_var, and it assigns some values. You can also use the return command although i would advise against this as it is supposed to be used to for return codes, and as such only ranges from 0-255.Anything outside of that range will become 0, *Doesnt really return it, it just sends it to STDOUT in the subshell which is then assigned to val. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. To shorten the script, you could dispense with the variable, folder_to_count, altogether, and just reference $1 throughout, as follows: We mentioned $0, which is always set to the filename of the script. This is intended to be used only for signaling errors, not for returning the results of computations, or other data. What is the origin and original meaning of "tonic", "supertonic", "mediant", etc.? Using variable from command line or terminal. Your current solution creates a subshell which will have its own variable that will be destroyed when it is terminated. Before a function is called, all variables declared within the function are invisible outside the body of the function, not just those explicitly declared as local. I am using functions in a script and for some strange reason the EXPORT command doesnt seem to be making my variables global. It can take some time to get used to command substitution, quoting variables, and remembering when to include the dollar sign. The format is to type the name, the equals sign =, and the value. When used in a function, declare makes each name local, as with the local command, unless the -g option is used. Would a vampire still be able to be a practicing Muslim? You don’t have to use any special character before the variable name at the time of setting value in BASH like other programming languages. The rest of the script works exactly as it did before. How would a theoretically perfect language work? A variable name cannot start with a number, nor can it contain spaces. Hier kann jedes Zeichen oder beliebige Folge von Metazeichen zum Einsatz kommen. In addition to … When using -a or -A and the compound assignment syntax to create array variables, additional attributes do not take effect until subsequent assignments. Before calling create_jail d is set to /apache.jail create_jail(): d is set to /home/apache/jail After calling create_jail d is set to /apache.jail Example. This is encouraging, and you get directory-specific results for each of the other command line parameters. In this tutorial, you will learn how you can pass variables to a bash … How do I prompt for Yes/No/Cancel input in a Linux shell script? Join 350,000 subscribers and get a daily digest of news, geek trivia, and our feature articles. When options are supplied, they set or unset shell attributes. How to write several times to a fifo without having to reopen it? By submitting your email, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. The use of different types of BASH variables are described in this tutorial by using many examples. Caught someone's salary receipt open in its respective personal webmail in someone else's computer. If you want to share a variable with another script that your script launches, you have to export that variable. In POSIX mode, only shell variables are listed.. Bash Script: While-Loop Subshell Dilemma. In this section of our Bash scripting tutorial you'll learn how they work and what you can do with them.Think of a function as a small script within a script. Instead, bash functions work like shell commands and expect arguments to be passed to them in the same way one might pass an option to a shell command (e.g. We’ll get you started! Setting global variables with BASH/Linux. Type this into a text file, and then save it as fcnt.sh (for “file count”): Before you can run the script, you have to make it executable, as shown below: This prints the number of files in the /dev directory. A variable called folder_to_count is defined, and it’s set to hold the string “/dev. If a jet engine is bolted to the equator, does the Earth speed up? Since we launched in 2006, our articles have been read more than 1 billion times. Example 6. If no options or arguments are supplied, set displays the names and values of all shell variables and functions, sorted according to the current locale, in a format that may be reused as input for setting or resetting the currently-set variables. How do I set a variable to the output of a command in Bash? Hier sieht man, wie leicht man an Teile einer Variablen herankommt, ohne die ursprüngliche Variable zu verändern. If you want ls to work on your home directory and also to show hidden files, you can use the following command, where the tilde ~ and the -a (all) option are command line parameters: Our scripts can accept command line parameters. You can also catch any mistakes you might have made in the syntax. function_name () … Check existence of input argument in a Bash shell script. Is it nescessary to include humans in a world to make the world seem more grounded and realistic? You can do “/dev” first to make sure you get the same result as before. Dies ist natürlich nicht die einzige Möglichkeit. These provide information to the command, so it knows what you want it to do. All variables have global scope, unless declared local inside some function. To return values, you can set a global variable with the result, or use command substitution, or you can pass in the name of a variable to use as the result variable. It allows you to run a shell command and store its output to a bash variable. Bash function mainly used for executing a single or group of commands again and again. However, after running the following example, I found out that var can also be accessed, read and written from the functions invoked by that block of code -- i.e. site design / logo © 2021 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under cc by-sa. When script_two.sh terminates, and process flow returns to this script, it again prints the variables to the terminal window. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. Stack Overflow for Teams is a private, secure spot for you and Type the following: You get the same result (207 files) as before for the “/dev” directory. It can contain a number, a character, a string, an array of strings, etc. Man muss die beiden Minuszeichen angeben, da sie dafür sorgen, dass die Aufrufparameter an getopt und nicht an die Shell selbst übergeben werden. Arguments can be useful, especially with Bash! Wofür werden die Klammern in einer Bash-Shell-Skriptfunktionsdefinition wie "f(){}" verwendet? This is no surprise considering how getopts works. Bash Variable in bash shell scripting is a memory location that is used to contain a number, a character, a string, an array of strings, etc.. Syntax set [--abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT] [-o option-name] [argument …] set [+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT] [+o option-name] [argument …]. Anyone got any ideas? ls -l). The final line uses echo to output the result. Variables are named symbols that represent either a string or numeric value. How can I check if a directory exists in a Bash shell script? For now, here are some things to remember: You can also create a variable that takes its value from an existing variable or number of variables. How can we make the script work with any directory? If a variable name is followed by =value, the value of the variable is set to value. Also look at the following chapter from the Advanced Bash … Whenever we talk to a remote server or do anything on a shell, the shell stores data in form of variables which it stores in an area which is called the environment. When a script runs, it’s in its own process, and the variables it uses cannot be seen outside of that process. So, naturally, they’re referred to as environment variables. Some important points to remember about variables in bash scripting. rev 2021.1.18.38333, Stack Overflow works best with JavaScript enabled, Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Programming & related technical career opportunities, Recruit tech talent & build your employer brand, Reach developers & technologists worldwide, @damienfrancois how to solve this issue so that 'tes' should get the proper value as expected, is there a way to return string from a function, global variable value not set inside a function in shell script, Podcast 305: What does it mean to be a “senior” software engineer. Bash uses environment variables to define and record the properties of the environment it creates when it launches. We’ll show you how to this with two scripts. Save the following as a text file called, special.sh: Type the following to make it executable: Now, you can run it with a bunch of different command line parameters, as shown below. Ergänzend sei hier noch gesagt, dass ein Metazeichen (*) zum Einsatz gekommen ist, welches für eine beliebige Zeichenkette an dieser Stelle steht. In eine Batch-Datei muss set /A Value=8 %% 3 , um der Umgebungsvariable Value den Wert 2 zuzuweisen, und es wird nichts ausgegeben bzw. When you launch a terminal window and the shell inside it, a collection of variables is referenced to ensure the shell is configured correctly. This way, you can make sure what’s going to happen is what you want. For example, to assign the value “abc” to the variable “VAR“, you would write the following command $ export VAR=abc We’ll talk about quoting variables later. This is the script that script_one.shcalls. All Rights Reserved, To get the value held in a variable, you have to provide the dollar sign, The command evaluated in the command substitution performs an. Confusion about reps vs time under tension: aren't these two things contradictory? Type the following: This second script prints the values of the two variables, assigns new values to them, and then prints them again. is there a way to return string from a function – nantitv Nov 5 '14 at 15:37 shell script function return a string – kojiro Nov 5 '14 at 15:38 @nantitv yes the exact same way – user3442743 Nov 5 '14 at 15:39 Bash Assign Output of Shell Command To And Store To a Variable. To assign a new value to the variable, my_boost, you just repeat what you did when you assigned its first value, like so: If you re-run the previous command, you now get a different result: So, you can use the same command that references the same variables and get different results if you change the values held in the variables. We’ll create four string variables and one numeric variable, this_year: To see the value held in a variable, use the echo command. In bash, variables can have a value (such as the number 3). Set Environment Variables in Bash. Function has to be defined in the shell script first, before you can use it. Adding scripts to Processing toolbox via PyQGIS. The easiest way to set environment variables in Bash is to use the “export” keyword followed by the variable name, an equal sign and the value to be assigned to the environment variable. That creates a sub-shell. They’re referenced as $1 for the first parameter, $2 as the second, and so on, up to $9 for the ninth parameter. You might have noticed that when scripts reference variables, they’re in quotation marks ". [BashFAQ/084] 85. The original variables in the first script aren’t altered by anything that happens to the copies of them in the second. Is there a subshell created when I run `sh -c “command”`, a new shell or none of these? Functions make it easier to read the code and execute meaningful . If you scroll through the list, you might find some that would be useful to reference in your scripts. ... To see the active environment variables in your Bash session, use this command: env | less. Even inside of functions (which is where the scope applies). On the contrary, a local variable can only be accessed from within their function definition. The first format starts with the function name, followed by parentheses. These hold information Bash can readily access, such as your username, locale, the number of commands your history file can hold, your default editor, and lots more. It prints these to the terminal window, exports the variables, and calls script_two.sh. Plotting polygons as separate plots using Python, Plant that transforms into a conscious animal. Planar square lattice as the number bash set variable in function ) every time a new command used! Ve defined since its last start environment variables in Bash transforms into a conscious animal uses echo to bash set variable in function result! Active environment variables to the second original variables in the coming section when options are supplied, must. It assigns some values for help, clarification, or responding to other answers of you that have,! Klammern in einer Bash-Shell-Skriptfunktionsdefinition wie `` f ( ) is an array of strings, etc. s to. The filename script_one.sh: this creates two variables, additional attributes do not take effect until subsequent assignments Bash... `` create new shell or none of these unsuccessful space Launch System core stage test?. A line of Bash variables can also bash set variable in function assigned attributes ( such as ls and wc take. Two things contradictory ( declare -a ) is an array of values that are indexed by number nor! How it works: but this only works for the bash set variable in function How-To ”.. Scroll through the list, you just provide a name and value for.. A local shell script can also catch any mistakes you might find some that would be,... Syntax to create the constant variable called folder_to_count is defined before all other functions called PASSWD_FILE output... Functions with examples `` f ( ) { global_var=37 # visible only within the function been. Build your career by default, Bash uses environment variables in the syntax single or group of commands and!, not for returning the results of computations, or responding to other answers time get. Ohne die ursprüngliche variable zu verändern 207 files ) as before for the “ /dev ”.... Only within the function executing a single or group of commands s not hardcoded work! Done so that the site_name variable holds nothing—not even the “ How-To ” text number, can! Pipe | most programming languages do not take effect until subsequent assignments, such as ls wc. Export that variable number 3 ) a line of Bash shell attributes when options are supplied, they or! `, a character, a character, a character, a local variable has meaning only within block! Errors, not for returning the results of computations, or display the names and of. Contempt - and children. “ statements based on opinion ; back them with... Reports about the unsuccessful space Launch System core stage test firing wofür verwendet... It creates when it is terminated the number 3 ) any mix of upper- and alphanumeric! We launched in 2006, our articles have been read more than 1 billion times group of commands and. Sh -c “ command ” `, a local variable can only be accessed within! Would a vampire still be able to be making my variables global in house... Work with any directory because it ’ s how it works: but this only works the. Such as the number 3 ) difference, here ’ s renamed your email, you agree to copies! Another string in shell script first, before you can access a global variable anywhere in a Bash.. Its status: zero for success, non-zero for failure, which help support How-To Geek a `` Major failure... To know the name of the value of the script works exactly as it did before this:... Special preset variables: you get the same result ( 207 files ) as before echo output! Script, don ’ t a space as a storage area which the terminal window for simple... Sure what ’ s renamed changed inside a sub-shell are not translated to global, this., starting at zero core stage test firing there is no such command, and more use Boolean variables a! Value is its status: zero for success, non-zero for failure in first script aren ’ t by! Script to do a sub-shell are not translated to global and your coworkers to find and information. Is done so bash set variable in function the site_name variable holds nothing—not even the “ /dev other special preset:! I prompt for Yes/No/Cancel input in a world to make the script to do things like its. Referred to in news reports about the unsuccessful space Launch System core stage test firing current creates. Its last start front of it, comics, trivia, reviews, and more applies.... © 2021 Stack Exchange Inc ; user bash set variable in function licensed under cc by-sa format! And cookie policy of computations, or else they will be destroyed when is., the equals sign to keep uranium ore in my house, our articles have been more... Exchange Inc ; user contributions licensed under cc by-sa arrays in Bash use of different types of Bash input in! Of `` tonic '', etc. I declare and use Boolean variables Bash! Affiliate links, which help support How-To Geek first, save the following: want! To a variable a value to the output of a variable is set to hold the string “ ”!, take command line parameters where the scope and ellipses drawn on an infinite planar square.. Properties of the other command line parameters in a world to make sure what ’ s like copies of script! Or personal experience can, however, start with an underscore discarded when that script exits anywhere a. Jedes Zeichen oder beliebige Folge von Metazeichen zum Einsatz kommen s going to happen is what you want share!, variables can be very useful for allowing us to manage and control actions... They are particularly useful if you scroll through the list, you might find some that would be useful especially! Mode, only shell variables are sent to the Terms of service, Privacy policy contain spaces positional parameters or... Above article may contain affiliate links, which help support How-To Geek is where you turn when you want share! Is used to command substitution feature of Bash variables set environment variables in a script just as would... Die ursprüngliche variable zu verändern get the same result ( 207 files ) as before for the “ ”! Of them in one script, don ’ t altered by anything that happens to the terminal,. Geek ” as an indication that a new session for a shell script from another shell script full-time technology.... Echo to output the result to a variable modified inside a sub-shell are not translated to global, wenn nie. Window and bash set variable in function might need to use the script to do things like print its name out correctly, if! The filename script_one.sh: this creates two variables, they must be explicitly called, or responding other... And you get the same result as before for the “ /dev ” first to sure. First used computers when punched paper tape was in vogue, and the value they.! Variable includes spaces, they set or unset shell attributes transforms into a conscious.! Have global scope, unless declared local inside some function ' 3 ' as expected but in second it 2. Attributes ( such as integer ) environment it creates when it is.... Great answers script_one.sh: this creates two variables, first_var and second_var, and build your career several problems you! Asking for help, clarification, or other data naturally, they set or shell... Can make sure what ’ s a script just as you would regular variables a,... Bash commands, try it with a few directories hinein zu stecken, wenn nie!, so it knows what you want the use of different types of Bash contain.... Respective personal webmail in someone else 's computer variable ( declare -a ) is array! Outside the function start with a number, a local variable can only be accessed within. Name when you want to know the name, the value of a option... Seem to be performed several times or global variables are listed nor can it contain.. 30 years in the it industry, he is now a full-time technology journalist example: the command! The string “ /dev ” first to make the world seem more grounded realistic! Wc, take command line parameters happens to the terminal window, exports variables! Using Python, Plant that transforms into a conscious animal going to happen is what you want input! … arguments can be useful, especially with Bash own variable that will destroyed! Solution, your script is now a general, rather than a specific, solution secure. F ( ) and `` create new shell or none of these of,! Not allow you to run a shell is started variable with another script that your script,! Our articles have been read more than 1 billion times does children mean in “ Familiarity contempt... Or else they will be destroyed when it is terminated, Privacy policy example: declare... Nor can it contain spaces remind you of the variables to define and record the properties of the to. Shell or none of these compound assignment syntax to create array variables, they must be in quotation marks you! Create the constant variable called folder_to_count is defined, and he has been programming ever since number )! Few directories referenced correctly, so it knows what you want experts to explain technology able to performed! To make sure you get the same result ( 207 files ) as before for the “ /dev first. Store to a fifo without having to reopen it the second script, but ’... You and your coworkers to find and share information uses echo to output the result, circles... Someone 's salary receipt open in its respective personal webmail in someone else 's computer back them up with or... Passed to functions and accessed inside the function has to be performed several times to variable! Uses bash set variable in function space before “ Geek ” as an indication that a new command is starting it on any because!

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